Friedrich Schiller Denkmal
Friedrich Schiller




Schiller-Institut e. V.
"Zweck der Menschheit ist kein anderer als die
Ausbildung der Kräfte des Menschen, Fortschreitung."
Friedrich Schiller

     Konferenz in Flörsheim, November 2012   

Aiman Rsheed
Ingenieur, Cairo
 

Written Submission



Africa pass

Afro-Mediterranean revolutionary project


Introduction

I believe that this project carries good, growth, prosperity, and advancement, not only to the Egyptian people, but also to the people of 9 African nations, and also to many countries in Europe and Asia. I worked since 1988 to study, develop, and update it according the information I acquire or by reviewing of similar projects by others, and also from the comments I receive on my Page on Facebook.

Egypt and whole of Africa are gathering around this Project, and that is because it is a giant project that serves all the interests of the whole world, like Suez Canal at time. This project connects Egypt from the city of Sidy Barany located in Marsa Matrouh Governorate north west of Egypt, with the heart of Africa in Burundi in Central Africa, and also connects East Africa, Somalia (The African Horn) and Ethiopia to the same city, and from it to Europe. The connection with the Center and East is made by several axles, the most important is modern and advance rail ways and international high standard ground ways, and a water canal for electricity generation comes from Rwanda and Democratic Congo and ends at Qattara Depression in Egypt.

The world in the 21st century is heading towards the Huge Entities, whether politically, economically, or socially, and other aspect of human life.

There are talks about rail ways network to connect the whole world, that allows to build the Knowledge Cities and Giant Trains, and also Giant Airplanes and Ships.

So, the countries that will not connect itself with this network and use it to as a routs that serves its people first will have a civil gap with the developed countries that will push it back, and world will become Masters and Slaves.

Egypt was given a unique and distinguished geographical location between the contents of the world, some is considering it as a natural and political asset, and a major resource of wealth to Egypt, and it was this way at all times, as Egypt was the main passage for convoys and goods, which derived Portuguese to find a new passage The Cape of Good Hope, so the role of Egypt declines in the international world trade, but this role was regained again, and Egypt returned to be the center of trade and the passage between East and West with opening of Suez Canal for the international trade at 17th of November 1869, which Hoskins Described as "it is possible that is some sort of material work of the humans that affects the nations relations with much deeper form, and it is difficult to imagine that that it will be made once more within the human capabilities".

Gamal Hamdan, described this particular situation "Suez Canal is the greatest reduction factor in geography of marine transport, and redirection of continents, and returned the Geomatic values, as with a relatively small geographic operation, a whole continent was reduced, and captured the Cape of Good Hope, and put back the Arabian East and Egypt in the heart of the world and in the focus of the map.

We can say that the Canal regained life to the genius geographic location of Egypt, as it became the center of work in world trade, the whole world gets its benefits, but Egypt did not get economical benefits in a direct and effective form.

As the marine transportation has advanced in a tremendous way after discovering oil as the artery of the industrial life in the world, and building giant ships with great depths with capacity reaches million tons, these huge tankers swallowed the smaller tankers, and aimed for the less expensive route for it, which is the Cape of Good Hope, which lead to deprive Suez Canal from a great income, and possibility of doubling in the near future.

As the marine transport acquires 84% of the size of international trade, then its development is a development to the international economy. This development is made through building a rail way network that serves this trade and reduces the costs of marine transportation, and increases the efficiency of transport, or discovering new and huge water passages provides facilitation of marine transport for the Giant Ships and its quick development.

It an obligation for Egypt to face these changes explicitly, practically, and decisively to keep its international posture as the main pass of the international trade, and also maximize current revenues of Suez Canal, and introduces high additional revenues as a result for expecting the increase of manufacturing giant ships nowadays and in the near and far future.

This is not the only challenge that Egypt is facing, there are other challenges as over population (120 million at 2025 – 200 million at 2050), which means that population will be doubled at 40 years, taking into consideration that all previous developments plans could not deal with these challenges, and going on working with development plans only will not be capable to face the huge gap between the Egyptian people requirements and the current resources.

In my view, the solution to make this Rise is through Africa Pass Project, which connects Sidi Barani at the Mediterranean and Burundi in Central Africa, and also connects Sidi Barani and Mogadishu capital of Somalia on the Indian Ocean, to accommodate the shipments of all the ships that uses Cape of Good Hope, which turned away from Suez Canal. Also, construction of two Giant Ports with great depth, and building of the greatest container terminal in the world and the greatest storage for transit cargo, which will be beneficial to Egypt and other nine African countries, and will make a leap in the Egyptian and African National Income, and doubling DGP for all North, Central and East Africa.

In case this Project is being affected, Egypt and the other countries will not be just collectors of transit fees, or performing limited commercial and marine services, but it will cover the development requirements in all aspects as human development and creation of new societies in accordance with the latest scientific systems, also providing millions of job opportunities for all ages and activities and specialties in many fields, as for example:

1-     Construction: building of giant cities that accommodates million of people, with good planned architectural style.

2-     Mining: raw materials that constitutes great national asset.

3-     Energy: generating electricity from the sun

4-     Industry: introducing of many industries on the Project's outputs.

5-     Transportation: railways, this Project will be the Greatest Railway ever

6-     International Trade: A leap in International trade and Industry, and new pass for the trade, that will costs approximately into half.

7-     Engineering Constructions: the different constructions, as roads, railways, tunnels, and bridges along the pass will be an engineering achievement.

8-     Tourism: all countries will have a giant leap in the tourist numbers

9-     Agriculture: the cultivated land and agricultural development will increase in Africa, and exporting of agricultural products will be very easy.

Conclusion:

*    This idea of Africa Pass, directly captures interest. Also, there is no historical precedence.

*    This Project will accommodate all the shipments of giant ships that sail through Cape of Good Hope. Its transit fees will be five times the current income of Suez Canal, in addition to the added value through the industrial compounds along the Pass.

As there is no national indicator that hinders execution of this Project, and as the economic revenue is huge for all countries, we can conclude that the execution of this Project will be the National African Project for this century and next generations.

According to the above, we propose to execute the Project on three Phases. Starting with construction of ports, then preparing the Pass and Railways, then building of Cities, all within 2 – 3 years, as all phases will work in parallel.

*    This segmentation will allow ease of financing, as the Project entirely will be financed as Petrol Exploration, and countries do not have to pay any moneys, but will benefit from the huge economic revenues.

*    The effective contribution in solving the current unemployment problem, and will accommodate a percentage of the new generations that enters into work, and this is an advantage that is not present except in Great Projects.

*    The effective contribution in solving of the overpopulation around valleys and accommodating millions in the new cities that accompany construction of this Pass.

*    The permanent and terminal solution to problems of the African Horn, specially Somalia, and the other countries through providing real job opportunities to the people, and the presence of commercial, industrial, service, and entertainment activities that have room for them all.

*    The introduction of residential areas along the Pass will absorb great percentage of the expected increase of population in Africa during the next 50 years (will not be less than 200 millions).

*    This Project, with its giant economical aspects, will create great opportunities to manufacture trains and ships of larger size, which will help promote these industries internationally, and will lead to international economic growth.

Egypt, in keeping its geographic location, is capable to search for a new Pass for International Trade, which does not compete with Suez Canal, but competes with the greater challenge for International Prosperity, so this Project will be a safeguard and reserving Suez Canal income and a security for it.

The giant projects on African countries that comes with this Project, is a matter of a challenge for the Egyptian will in this age full of local and international conflicts.

In brief, this Project is a real Rise Project, the studies almost passed the preliminary stages, because of the availability of the Geological information, and also the availability of marketing studies for the tunnel that connects Spain and Morocco.

We should take into consideration that the World is in a cross road, and indicates a serious changes, especially in the Middle East. And the new world order reveals over power in all aspects of economy, especially the gigantic density of capital used in production, gigantic large economies, gigantic competition, gigantic commercial exchange rates, and gigantic consumption, gigantic expenditure on scientific research, in addition to rising of huge industrial centers in the Far East, especially in China (as a factory for the world), so the Mediterranean gained back his importance as the heart of the world and as a major economic driver.

It the area of assembly and storage and transit of international trade, after establishing the European Union as a major economic power, and the expected increase in trade between Far East and European Union and the East Cost of Unites States of America.

This project, with its giant aspects is a development in the right direction, that will make Egypt a Logistic Center for the world trade.

Description of the Project

In simple words, is to make Egypt as a transit area to all continents, through used of its unexploited lands in building integrated industrial and commercial societies, as these cities will be used as storage and depots for world's companies as front warehouses to minimize time between order of goods and receiving it, and building of production plants for these companies. It is well known that all countries are racing to build giant ports to handle containers, and spends billions to that. So, if we consider this is a Project for handling of containers and facilitating exports and imports for African countries, and also transit of the cargo of giant ships that cannot cross Suez Canal, and to store goods and commodities in front warehouses, then this Project could be considered the greatest Project ever to handle containers, and output is providing millions of job opportunities, so Egypt will switch from an exporting labor county into an importing labor country.

But, how it could be done?

If we look to the map of Egypt, we will find that it is in the middle of the world, that is why there is special importance to Egypt as a place for Giant Projects. This is what I want Egypt to be. So, I started study this Project, so Egypt will get initially $10 billions, and $5 billions in the first year due to jobs and internal trade accompanying the Project.

When I started at 1988, I was not in a hurry. So, I planned it to be a Project that Africa will benefit from, and becomes in a higher position among other continents.

Our continent is richest in the world, it the continent that was occupied entirely, and its wealth was stolen and people were enslaved for long years.

Nowadays, they still plan to go on bleeding its natural resources regardless of its people's interests.

To ensure the success of this Project, I watched the interests of all parties, so it would be carried out without disturbances or interference or obstacles.

This Projects guarantees delivery of resources to the Industrial West in unimaginably low prices, and ensures sustainable development of African counties, and also avoids conflicts and ensures stability and prosperity.

In this Project, we will find many alterations to the projects planned by other countries or entities for its own personal interests, and that seeks to achieve its goals and interests without direct costs.

Often, it tries to convince under developed countries that these projects is the only solution, so the poor people adopts these projects as a National Projects, and carry it out on its expenses, and make it easy for others to directly benefit from it on his account.

Description: Map_of_Trans-African_Highways-

Looking into the previous and following maps, that represents the existing and planned roads, and applying it on some proposed projects, we will find that it fits what I said earlier. It does not offer any benefits to the countries it passes through, except in very limited development, and with increase of population density in specific areas.

Description: eurasian_land_bridge_propesed_bering-

The Pass proposed here, in addition to facilitation of transport between Egypt and other countries and expanding out of the Nile valley and the Delta, its seeks opening of new development aspects and endless land reclamation, and building new projects in all aspects.

This Project specifically provides all means for the new generations to explore elements of natural wealth and the nearest to populated areas, and the most famous Qattara Depression in the Western Desert. It occupies a large area and its depth is 81 m below sea level, which make it a fresh water lake, and we can generate electricity from water that will come into it from the water canal coming from Central Africa to end in Qattara Depression, and not wasted in the sea, and also Toshka Valley south west.

The main question is what is the overall cost? The cost of building power stations is answered by this map from Blumberg Site, and news about the Chinese companies that build hydroelectric stations in Africa.

Description: http://peakwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/em_hydro38__01__popup.jpg

This may be for Egypt, as for Sudan, north and south, the area that the Project is passing through is semi-desert and Sudan have large lands. So, what is the return?

Here, we can mention several returns, for example: for North and South Sudan, it will provide cooperation and commerce with Chad and Central Africa. Also, there is possibility for lateral roads to connect Chad and Central Africa with this Pass to used for exporting its products and importing its needs.

Northern Sudan

1-      Sustainable development of Dafour.

2-      Building electric power stations on the downgrade in this area.

3-      Opening an exporting window for Meats of this area.

4-      Ending the permanent conflict in this area, as this Project will offer a lot of services and job opportunities.

Southern Sudan

1-      Finding an opening into the Mediterranean.

2-      Development of the area that the Project passes through.

3-      Exporting of agricultural tropical products to Europe in minimum time with low cost.

4-      Opening a Petroleum exporting port on the Mediterranean, so it will maximize its development.

5-      Electric power generated along the Pass.

6-      Exporting of wood with ease.

7-      Political relations and cooperation with the north.

8-      Thousands of job opportunities.

Also, the importance of this Project is due to many factors, the most important is that many organizations in the world are planning to connect the world with highways and railroad, taking into consideration only there interests, not the interests of the countries that these roads is passing through. They made plans that these roads will pass through developed areas, and to develop the areas it will pass through. The following maps and photos give us these plans in Africa and Asia and the world.

Some may ask, why this part of the western desert is chosen specifically for this Project that will connect us with the world? There are many oases with its development potential, and there are roads that can be used and developed as an infrastructure to the Project, rather than starting from nil. Also, away from Alamain mines, and most importance overcoming the specific tradition of Egyptians, that travels daily for 6 hours to return home at the end of the day.

In addition, there is an airport in Sidi Barani, that can be used at the beginning, and there is another airport at Siwa.

Description: road-map-of-Egypt

First: Supports of the First Phase

The proposal of the first stage of Africa Pass Project includes:

1-      Top grade Container Port in the area of Sidi Barani.

2-      4 lane railroad (2 lane at first, then 4 lanes) from the Port across all of Egypt and Northern and Southern Sudan and touches Central Africa, passes through Democratic Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in Central Africa.

3-      Five large cities in Egypt, including the Port itself, and the cities are 200 km apart, to use the highway and the railway, as the train speed should be 250-300 km/hour or more. The cities in the other counties is build in the same rate.

4-      International highway parallel to the railway.

5-      Lined water canal 40 m wide and 15 m deep, designed for low evaporation. It starts in rain falling areas in Central Africa till Qattara Depression. It will be lines with rolls of plastic sheets and covered again with sand. In time the sand pores will be filled with mud, which makes a natural leak prevention after eroding of plastic in 30 to 50 years from installation.

6-      Electric power stations along the canal, approximately 7 hydroelectric stations, each one will be producing as much as the High Dam.

7-      Fiber Cables for Internet and communication services along the Pass, which develops communication services in these countries and gives quick returns for the investor from subscribing to these services. Also, permits banks and different industries to communicate with the world.

8-      20 service areas for trailers and vehicles in Egypt, on areas not less 5 km2 for each. These areas will be service and entertainment areas that drivers and travelers find all their needs. They can even spend some nights for recreation. And this example should be generalized along the Pass in all countries.

Second:           The Aim of the Project

1-      Cooperation between Egypt and African countries in all aspects.

2-      Switching Egypt from a Labor repellent country into labor attracting country.

3-      Real sustainable development for 9 African countries, in addition to our beloved Egypt.

4-      Finding of exporting port for African countries on the Mediterranean.

5-      All participating countries will get a percentage for passage.

6-      Finding new vast and dense job opportunities.

7-      Moving dense population to new cities.

8-      Regain of Egyptian role in Africa.

9-      Development of water resources and generating clean power without conflicts.

10-    Reclamation of millions of feddands around Qattara Depression at the end of canal and not the sides, to ensure flow of water and to generate electricity.

Third: Steps of Implementation

1-      Concentrated efforts by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of International Cooperation and the different African organization to persuade the countries of the importance of this Project.

2-      Implementation simultaneously in all countries.

3-      Making maps and designs of roads and cities, and modifying the pass according to obstacles.

4-      Construction of the port.

5-      Construction of the double railway.

6-      Construction of the water canal.

7-      Establishing of cities.

8-      Construction of the international road.

Forth:        Method of Implementation

The Project is executed with one of the following methods:

1-      Build Operate Transfer. The concept is that a private investor, after the necessary governmental authorization, will build any of the infrastructure projects like airport and power station by his own resources, provided he will operate and run it for a period of time. Usually, 30 – 40 years, during which he gets the costs incurred plus profits. After this period, the project is transferred to the Government. So, BOT means there is financing mechanism for infrastructure away from the government budget:

a-   Like the process made at oil exploration.

b-   The investor spends a specific sum within certain period, and in return he gets a fixed percentage from the returns. Or, the percentage is to be graded according to:

i.       The investor gets all of the returns for 2 years, he gets 70% to 80% of his investment.

ii.       The Government share is increased to 10% each year till its share is 80% of the returns and the investor 20%.

iii.      These percentage remains fixed for 15 years, which ensures that the investor will get all the moneys incurred and profit, and encourages him to develop the project to get higher profit with time.

iv.      After that, the investor gets 10% of the returns till the projects reach 50 years old, then the Project is returned to the Government.

v.      In the second phase of the Project will be published to connect Saudi Arabia with Sidi Barani with railways and oil line, passing through Tiran Island, under Gulf of Aqabe, Sinai, under Gulf of Suez, then to Asiut and connects with Africa Pass in central Egypt. This stage will start directly after finishing the Port and the industrial and storage area.

misr-saudia0003

misr-saudia0002

Proposed pass for train that connects Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and crosses Sinai and a large portion of the Eastern Desert. This the part concerning Egypt and Saudi Arabia, this railway is to expanded to reach Atlantic ocean at the west and Arabian Gulf in the east.

vi.      The third stage of the Project is to connect Somalia with Sidi Barani with railways and oil line passing Ethiopia and Southern Sudan and Northern Sudan, and connects with Africa Pass south of Egypt.

vii.     This line serves Suez Canal directly through Container Port and Oil line, that will enable giant tankers that cannot cross the canal to download its cargo in Somalia, then pumped through the oil line to Sidi Barani. Then, using tankers or marine oil lines to Europe.

viii.    Phase Four of the Project to connect Sidi Barani and Barcelona with Railways passing through Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Then through a tunnel under Gibraltar.

2-      Share holding companies

Through establishing giant share holding companies, and making its shares available for the international public. The government is the owner of the Project, and after specific period of time all shares will return to the government.

Fifth: Suggested Route

The next photo of google showing the rout, and elevation along it.

Description: affrica pass.jpg

Project Details

Description: sidi brrani-

1-      Sidi Barani Container Port

Sidi Barani was chosen for many reasons that makes it very special ports on the Mediterranean, such as:

a-   Sidi Barani is divided into two sections, Costal Sidi Barani and Zawiet Sidi Barani 20 km on shore.

b-   The city is 82 km away from Libyan borders, makes it easy for trade between African countries and Libya.

c-   An new Giant port in Egypt, with marina facing El-Salum Plateau, and many great beaches till Marsa Matrouh.

d-   A new port for marine and desert tourism for Europe.

2-      Sidi Barani Marina

a-   Construction of a marina and Cruise ships

b-   All sorts of recreations and leisure and sports.

D:\140 gb hard\affrica pass\saloum port.jpg

3-      Sidi Barani Industrial City

Construction of International Industrial City 50 km on shore, connected to the port with highways and railroads.

a-   This site would be a free zone.

b-   The city is divided into 4 or more sections, so each section would be an assembly of similar or related industries.

c-   No cars allowed in the city, only railways and electric transportation means.

4-      Sidi Barani City for Warehouses and Depots

Construction of a warehouse and storage sites near the port, occupying the area between the port and the industrial city, connected with railways and highways.

a-   This site will be operated as a free zone.

b-   Providing of road network that accommodates all maneuvers needed for storage, and provide for safety and firefighting and emergencies.

5-      Sidi Barani International Residence

6-      A 4 ways Railway, starting at the port though whole of Egypt, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in Central Africa.

7-      7 residential cities including the city of the port, 200 km apart at least. The train speed should be 250 – 300 km/hour. The cities in other countries are to be constructed in the same rate.

8-      Highway parallel to the railway.

9-      A line water canal 40 m wide 15 m deep, designed so there is minimum evaporation. It starts at Rainy Central Africa till Qattara Depression.

10-    Power Station along the canal, approximately 7 hydroelectric station, each of them will generate power as much as the High Dam.

11-    Fiber optic cables for internet and communication services along the Pass, which enables to operate communications in these countries, and makes quick revenues for the investor, and offers large communications for different banks and industries.

12-    20 areas for service of trucks, trailers, and cars on areas not less than 5 km2 for each. These areas is service and entertainment areas, drivers and passengers will find all their needs. They could spend several nights for recreation and leisure.

The Steps starts with Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Al Azhar, and Syndicate of Engineers according to the following sequence:

1-      The Pri-minister will hold a conference for 5 days, to study the Project in full, deciding the course of action. The attendees are:

*    Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation.

*    Ministry of Transport.

*    Ministry of Electricity and Energy.

*    Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

*    Ministry of Awqaf.

*    Ministry of Scientific Research.

*    Ministry of Communications.

*    Ministry of Housing.

*    Ministry of Irrigation.

*    Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

*    Al-Azhar

*    Egyptian Syndicate of Engineers.

2-      Based on the recommendations of this conference, the Ministry of foreign affairs will start conferences with the seven countries the share the Pass, to present the economic benefits of this Project for each country, and drafting the necessary protocols to ensure smooth operation.

3-      The role of Ministries ,Al-Azhar and Syndicate of Engineers.

a-   Ministry of Transportation: Planning, procurement of labor and equipment necessary to operate the first railway, and making the necessary studies for rates of flow and constraints, and making plans for workshop location and administrative buildings, etc.

b-   Ministry of Electricity and Energy: Making the necessary planning, calculation of the necessary power required to populate this Pass, and make the plans and design for power stations.

c-   Ministry of Al-Awqaf: Making a full plan for financing Azhar universities and institutes, and financing of scholarships that may be presented to students of these countries in Egypt.

d-   Ministry of Education and Scientific Research: A full plan to receive students of these countries for post graduate studies in specializations that serves this Projects in the future.

e-   Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Housing: Study about the best way to connect these five cities and suburbs, and its development.

f-    Ministry of Irrigation, Ministry of Commerce and Industry: Study support of water supplies, with study of the raw materials and the best method to transport it to the exporting port.

g-   Al-Azhar: Build some branches of the university in these countries, and acts as a promotion and acceptance of this project.

h-   Syndicate of Engineers: A consultant for the Government and making the necessary studies, and engineering support for the Project.

Reasons for the Project:

The future of Egypt – its leadership in Africa – a boost and motivation of the national interests.

The Importance of the Project:

1-      Obvious return and strategic depth. It has definite schedule. It gives a great opportunity for exploiting engineering and technical ingenuity.

2-      Rehabilitation of the population, so the work is only 6-8 hours daily. So, the people will have time to enjoy their lives and innovation in their work.

The Major Drawbacks:

1-      Limited water resources.

2-      Necessary resources to develop industry and increase national income.

3-      Unemployment and population bad distribution.

4-      Limited energy, that slows down the development.

Importance of Transportation

Transportation is the base for prosperity. As for Egypt, it needs a whole new transportation network, that facilitates movement of people and goods, and promotes new styles of living.

 

ملحوظات عامة:

·       أرى أن تكون المرحلة الأولى: سيدى برانى – الصومال (أو دار السلام، تنجانيقا). عن طريق دول وسط أفريقيا. هذه هى المساهمة الحقيقية فى تقريب التجارة العالمية. هذه هى الخطوة الجبارة: ربط البحر المتوسط بالمحيط الهندى مباشرة، وبذلك تستفيد جميع الدول التى يمر بها هذا الخط. هذه الخطوة مكانها المرحلة الأولى..

·        القناة المقترحة: أرى أنها محدودة الجدوى الاقتصادية مع ارتفاع خيالى فى التكلفة. وبدلا منها أقترح: خط أنابيب مياه على طول الخط، يبدأ من أحد بحيرات وسط أفريقيا، يخدم مسار القطار والمدن المقامة عليه.. فلا يمكن أن تقوم تنمية فى الصحراء بدون مياه.

·        تعليق أخير: ما هى التكلفة؟؟؟؟ أرى أن تكون هناك أرقام تقريبية ابتدائية لكل خطوة، لأنه بدون هذه الأرقام، لا نستطيع أن نحدد القابلية للتنفيذ أو مقارنتها بالعوائد.. تكلفة إنشاء ميناء – تكلفة إنشاء 100 كم سكك حديدية – تكلفة النقل بالسكك الحديدية – تكلفة الكيلومتر من خط المياه – وهكذا

·        تعليقا على المرحلة الثانية، لا داعى للنفق تحت خليج السويس وخليج العقبة، التكلفة عالية جدا والمدة قد تصل إلى أكثر من عشر سنوات.. يوجد بديل مناسب وهو عبارات عملاقة، وهى موجودة، تسع القطارات واللوارى والسيارات. ويتم اختيار مكان مناسب بين مصر والسعودية تكون فيه المسافة مناسبة ومعقولة، وتجهيزات إقامة الميناء متوافرة. أما النفق فيمكن أن يكون فيما بعد حسب حجم النقل.

 

وفقك الله،،